I publish original book reviews as well as book summaries with links to reviews I have published in various journals. Most reviews deal with my interests in psychology and religion-- especially Psychology and Christianity. I may earn income from purchases of advertised products or links.
“Jesus” is
a scholarly review of Jesus’ life and times. Marcus Borg carefully examines the
gospels and the small amount of extrabiblical sources to help us understand Jesus' mission in the context of his life as a Jew from a small town under Roman
domination. Borg acknowledges that all historical studies involve a degree of
subjectivity, which he tempers by providing cogent reasons for his perspective
thus allowing readers to form their judgment about his interpretation of the gospels and other available records.
It is no
secret that Christians are “A House Divided” about many matters. This is
notably evident in the United States. And this is the author’s context. Borg begins
by providing us with a perspective on divided Christianity. Instead of focusing on
denominations, he refers to two broad views or paradigms. His terms (in
parentheses) are different from the more familiar conservative (an earlier Christian
paradigm) and progressive (an emerging Christian paradigm). He further
identifies the conservatives as fundamentalists, evangelicals, and Pentecostals and links them to the political right. In contrast, he presents the emerging paradigm
as the “emergent church” and “neotraditional Christianity.”
The current
presentation of Jesus’ life varies with the perspective of people writing from
one of the two aforementioned major Christian paradigms. On the one hand, the earlier paradigm
focuses on Jesus’ saving death on the cross, his divinity, and his moral teaching. When
teaching about his life, these earlier paradigm Christians interpret the texts in a literal or
near literal way.
Emerging
Christians hold a view Borg calls “historical-metaphorical.” His short summary
is:
“...the pre-Easter Jesus was a Jewish mystic, healer, wisdom teacher, and
prophet of the kingdom of God; he proclaimed the immediacy of access to God and
the kingdom of God; he challenged the domination system, was executed by the
authorities, and then vindicated by God.”
Borg does not deny the importance of
appreciating the “post-Easter Jesus” but Borg does want us to understand Jesus
as a first century Jewish man who revealed God’s passion for the world as distinct from the way his
followers wrote about Jesus as Son of God, Messiah, and Lord long after the resurrection.
Early in the book we
see the two divisions when it comes to beliefs about Jesus life as described in the
gospels. Early Christians developed a set of creeds or statements of faith. Modern conservatives expect Christians to affirm these beliefs, which are indicative of what
it means to be a Christian. These beliefs include Jesus as the Son of God, born
of a virgin, and eternally existent as God. Borg refers to this understanding
of belief as “belief that,” which means belief in Jesus is a matter of
believing statements about him.
In contrast, Borg’s view is that an older
understanding of the word belief is more accurate. That is, the word belief meant a focus on a person
in the sense of being faithful and loyal to the person you follow. In this
view, to believe in Jesus is to follow his way in contrast to affirming characteristics about Jesus.
Borg
presents Jesus as if you were taking a class by a master teacher who offers us
a grand overview providing the context of Jewish life at a time when Romans
ruled the Jews' homeland. He then explains his historical method of examining the
scriptures, considers human memory, and how to treat testimonies of historical
events. Next he explains how we should understand metaphorical language in the
gospels—we should consider the language as “more-than-literal.”
Having
explained the scholarly methods, Borg tells Jesus’ story from birth to death
and the resurrection appearances. We learn about Jewish life and the meaning of phrases like “kingdom
of heaven” and “eternal life.” We gain an appreciation of Jewish perspectives
on wisdom and the wisdom Jesus presented in parables and short sayings. Wisdom
also includes an understanding of the way to live life—the familiar two ways of
broad or narrow. The broad way means the way most of us live our lives. Borg unpacks the narrow way in a series of
contrasts to the broad way by exploring such common pursuits as wealth and honor.
As the Jesus' story nears an end, we learn more about Jesus’ confrontation of the Roman
domination system and the symbolic language of the gospels in telling the story
of the crucifixion. Finally, Borg interprets the texts telling of Jesus resurrection
appearances beginning with the first comments on the event written by the
apostle Paul before the first gospels were written.
**********
Jesus is worth
reading by Christians who want to learn more about the life of Jesus from a
scholar who understands the gospels in their historical context and takes a
humble stance when presenting the reasons for his views.
Jesus is
also worth reading by atheists, agnostics, and people of other religions who
wish to understand Christianity and how Christians can be divided over matters
of faith and practice.
What's missing is a full appreciating of Jesus' character. Jesus appears to be a somber and witty character. There is evidence of compassion. What we don't see is a man who enjoys family, loves to laugh and joke with friends, and feels the exhilaration of romantic love. That's not the fault of the author who avoids speculating about matters not included in the gospels.
Perhaps of
additional importance is an understanding of how Jesus and the first Christians
mixed faith and politics. As Borg writes, the Christian story is not just
personal; it is also political. Jesus and his followers presented a way of life
that was different from the Jewish establishment and perceived as a threat to
the domination system enforced by the Roman rulers in Judea. When Jesus' life is seen this way, it is no surprise that the earthly rulers attempted to silence him. Clearly they failed. As people continue to experience Jesus as a healer, teacher, exorcist, savior, and Lord.
Jesus is a contemporary figure in American history. Europeans brought their story of Jesus to the Americas. Although the story is fading from an active role in American culture, a substantial percentage of Americans continue to embrace one or the other of the two paradigms, which affects how Americans love, work, fight, vote, and of course, worship.
A
related book: A House Divided: Sexuality, Morality, and Christian Cultures
Sutton, G. W. (2022, January 1). Jesus-Life, teachings, revolutionary
-a review. Sutton Reviews. Retrieved from https://suttonreviews.suttong.com/2022/01/jesus-life-teachings-revolutionary-book.html
Reference
Borg, M.J. (2006). Jesus: Uncovering the life, teachings, and
relevance of a religious revolutionary. New York: HarperCollins. [AMAZON] [GOOGLE]
Bloody violence, talking animals, mysterious beings, rules
for slave holders, and managing your bodily fluids challenge anyone who makes a
New Year’s resolution to read the Bible. I could have used a book like The
Bible Tells Me So when I was a teenager attempting to make sense of this holy book I was dutifully bound to read. And in those days, the Bible sounded even
more removed from my reality in the language of Shakespeare.
Even with modern translations, some old stories still sound
quite strange and leave an intelligent inquirer wondering about what kind of God
kicks people out of their home for eating a bit of fruit, changes his mind
about creating people because they’ve turned out so bad, or orders his people
to kill an entire tribe of other people so his tribe can have their land?
Peter Enns offers some answers in seven easy-to-read
chapters. The problem with the Bible isn’t the Bible. The problem contemporary
readers face is understanding a collection of ancient texts free from a
defensive posture created by religious leaders who do not take challenges
lightly. In Chapter 1, Enns invites us to interact with the text and
appreciate how ancient people understood God and their spiritual journey.
The bloodthirsty warrior God appears in Chapter 2.
He’s the one who scared the hell out of children who, like me, grew up in
fundamentalist homes. You knew God meant business, because he killed, or
ordered the killing of, men, women, and children who were from other tribes.
And he even killed off his own people when they stepped out of line (remember the flood and other stories). By the
time we get to Jesus’ talk about a loving heavenly father, we may wonder what
kind of love are we talking about?
So, how does Pete deal with the big killer question?
“God never told the Israelites
to kill the Canaanites. The Israelites believed that God told them to kill the
Canaanites.” (786*)
I’ll comment on this later. It’s a big deal.
Chapter 3 is about ancient stories. Enns reminds
readers that people tell and retell old stories based on imperfect memories and
how the storyteller interpreted past events. The stories were told with a
purpose that gave meaning to their present time and served “to persuade,
motivate, and inspire.” (1085)
Peter offers a number of examples of different narratives
about similar events from the Gospels and the Old Testament. He helps readers
think about the big picture by explaining that the Old Testament was written
during the period of the monarchy and exile. The early origins stories
introduce the main story, which is Israel’s monarchy, exile, and return.
In Chapter 4, Peter explains why the Bible isn’t an
owner’s manual explaining how to do life. Examples from what appear to be
conflicting advice in Proverbs help make the point that wisdom is needed to
deal with particular situations.
Jesus’ way of interpreting the Bible is the subject of
Chapter 5. Enns illustrates how Jesus gets creative when he interprets old
texts in terms of his present situation. This creative way of looking at the
old text was not unique to Jesus. But Jesus stood out based on his claims to
identity and authority. A quote offers a useful summary of Jesus’ way of
introducing new perspectives: “You have heard that it was said…but I say to
you…” is hard to square with a rulebook view of the Bible.” (2501)
In Chapter 6, Enns focuses attention on Jesus as the key
to understanding what the Old Testament is about. The gospel stories introduce
Jesus as the saviour of Israel—the one who will make good on the old promises
and the one who is superior to the Roman Caesar. He adds Paul’s interpretation
that the gentiles are now equal with the Jews before God and in Jesus all have
freedom from the old laws. This requires faith in Jesus that what sets people
apart as people of God is not circumcision but love evident in how people treat
others.
Enns ends it all in Chapter 7. Readers are challenged
to make an “attitude adjustment.” On the one hand, Pete writes “The Bible
is God’s Word.” But on the other hand, he asserts: “The Bible is not,
never has been, and never will be the center of the Christian faith.” Enns
draws attention to God and God’s work in Jesus as the centre of faith.
**********
I recommend The Bible Tells Me So to all those
Christians who have become disenchanted with literal, or near literal, interpretations of the Bible that produce feelings of being trapped, fearful,
guilty, and struggling to make sense of ancient perspectives on science,
history, and how God works in people’s lives. As a bonus, Pete’s writing is
easy to read, provocative, funny, and snarky.
Ungodly Warrior
I recall a Christian professor commenting on the horrible
murderous things God did to people in the Old Testament. I suggested, as a
psychologist, that it seems a lot like war propaganda. The stories governments
would come up with to convince their men to fight because God is on their side.
And to convince the enemy that they, and their gods, are no match for what our
God can do. Perhaps, it’s not unlike children having faith that when the chips
are down, they can count on their dad to whip the opposition. I don’t claim to
be right. And I was pleasantly surprised by the thoughtful reaction of the professor. It is hard to make sense of the God Jesus described as a loving
father if the same God is not exactly prolife a few centuries before Jesus. In short, Enn’s presentation of the Warrior God should be
helpful to those looking for an explanation that makes sense of the alleged atrocities.
Ancient Views
Enns points about interpreting the old stories may also help
people avoid the futile efforts of trying to find ways to match biblical
understandings of the world and the universe to the ongoing discoveries of
modern science. Peter’s call for readers to be careful about their expectations
of the Bible is on point. Reading very old texts with expectations that they
are like contemporary history or science books doesn’t make sense.
Memories
Enn’s doesn’t say much about the fallibility of human memory
and that’s ok—his expertise lies elsewhere. He doesn’t ignore the fact of
problem memories. Fortunately, even evangelical scholars like Craig Keener are
aware of the limitations of memory established by psychological scientists like
Elizabeth Loftus. The problem of memory is just another important factor to
consider when reading ancient texts based on distant memories of events. The
limitations of human memory do not detract from the obvious history of the
Bible as an enduring source of inspiration unless readers insist that all the
writers had perfect memories.
God’s Word
I am inclined to give Enns some slack for his comments in Chapter
7, which I noted above. Considering the Bible as God’s Word and then
saying it is not the centre of faith is a bit of a stretch. So much depends on
how one interprets the phrase “God’s Word.”
In one sense, the notion that the Bible is God Word
suggests an untouchable sacred document that cannot be challenged. In fact, modern
fundamentalist and evangelical Christians have elevated the Bible to a lofty
place as if it were God. Of course, each Christian group reserves the right to
interpret God’s Word for their group creating a foundation for doubt about what
it might mean to say something is “God’s Word.”
I see Enns phrasing here as a way of taking the edge off his
unfundamentalist approach to biblical interpretation. Given the first six
chapters, Enns’ view of the Bible is not at all like the perspectives offered
by Christian fundamentalists and evangelicals. And that is why Enn’s book is
worth reading.
Reference
Enns, P. (2014). The Bible tells me so...why defending scripture has made us unable to read it. New York: Harper-Collins.
Notes
* The numbers in parentheses represent location numbers in
the Kindle Edition.
About Peter Enns
Peter Enns has a PhD from Harvard University along with
other degrees. His recent CV identifies his position as professor of Biblical
Studies at Eastern University in St. Davids, Pennsylvania.
About the Reviewer
Geoffrey
W. Sutton is a licensed psychologist with a PhD from the University of
Missouri. He is the author of A House Divided: Sexuality, Morality, and Christian Cultures. He has worked as a clinician and research professor. Now he studies
and writes about psychology and religion. He no longer provides clinical
services.
Kristin
Kobes Du Mez begins and ends her assault on militaristic white American
evangelical men with their contemporary sociopolitical leader, former
president, Donald Trump.
In
the Introduction we learn the short doctrinal list of what it means to be a
Bible-believing evangelical, but the author posits that American evangelicals
are more than a set of theological statements. Instead, since the early 1900s
they have embraced a John Wayne view of what it means to be a Christian man—a
powerful warrior for country and God—a man who leads his troops into battle to
uphold the values of God’s chosen people, the Americans.
It
was the title, Jesus and John Wayne, that was off-putting. I didn’t grow
up with John Wayne films or a love of American westerns. I was after all
British and even after living in America, we were more likely to watch sitcoms on TV rather than see Westerns in the movies.
But my Canadian friend, Martin Mittlestadt, kept mentioning Jesus and John Wayne. I’m glad he
did. Here’s my review.
**********
As
we follow the evangelical troops through history—mostly the last 50 years—we
learn about the power of high-profile white men whose vision of American
Christianity has dictated the distinctive roles that ordinary evangelical
Christian men and women should play if they want to make America great. According
to Du Mez, the current state of Christian America has been long in the making.
We
saddle up in Chapter 1 when Americans are off to fight in World War I for God
and country bolstered by the powerful voice of Billy Sunday and his contempt
for pacifists. After a few more pages, we learn that a group of fundamentalists (her label) formed the National Association of Evangelicals in 1942. America was of course
at war battling evil empires, which fits well with the image of what makes America
Great. So far, I don’t see a problem. We British were fighters too and American
troops and fire power saved the day. What’s not to like?
Soon,
evangelicals would embrace a handsome “All-American” man, Billy Graham, as an
unofficial leader. His rise to prominence was fuelled by the media and the conversion
of cowboy Stuart Hamblen. Graham supported a growing evangelical network that
included Wheaton College, Fuller Seminary, the National Religious Broadcasters,
Campus Crusade for Christ, and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, to name a
few well-known evangelical outposts.
Billy
Graham hardly seemed like an extremist. True, his views on women are outdated
but they weren’t unusual for the 1950s. And even looking back, he hardly seems
like an aggressive religious bully. I’m not riding with the same posse yet.
Graham’s
entry into politics had a rough start with President Truman, but he encouraged
WWII hero Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for president. He did. And Ike invited Billy to help with
religious support, which he did. Thus, early on, we see the link between white
evangelicals and conservative politics. I get this as an important connection but, we British liked Ike too.
Our
author pauses to backtrack a bit to trace the rise of John Wayne as his movies
showed boys how to become swaggering men with a funny accent and led them to
embrace a fierce anticommunist conservatism. Now I remember my boyhood friends trying
to walk and say stuff like John Wayne did. I don’t know what they said but one old quote
captures a lot of meaning:
“If
everything isn’t black and white, I say, ‘Why the hell not?’”
Du
Mez brings Jesus and John Wayne together in a quote from Baptist Alan Bean:
“The unspoken mantra of post-war evangelicalism was
simple: Jesus can save your soul; but John Wayne will save your ass.”
We’re
in the 1970s
now and learning about women.
Marabel
Morgan writes a bestseller defining evangelical womanhood in The Total
Woman. I remember that book, but I never read it. Apparently, evangelical women learn the
secret of a happy Christian marriage, which involves treating their men like
kings, catering to their needs, and admiring their masculinity. The biblical fix
for marital strife: wives living in submission to their husbands—including sex.
My wife says she had a hard time with the old traditional marriage vows in 1973—that bit about “to obey.”
Anyway, we pledged our troths and we're still married.
**********
Du
Mez takes us on a rough ride through the manifest destiny of evangelical history.
Story after story reveals generation after generation of white evangelical men
preaching a gospel of male headship in the home, in the pulpit, and in society.
Of course, men as preachers is normal in church, where men have ruled for
nearly 2,000 years.
Here’s
the genealogy in the gospel according to Du Mez. In the beginning, God
called Billy Graham and he begot Franklin who lived as a fundamentalist leader unto the present. Jerry
Falwell begot Jerry Falwell who declined in influence after Jesus and John Wayne was published. James
Dobson dared to discipline and created a family-values empire characterized by
strong men, disciplined children, and loving wives. Bill Gothard begat a decades-long
ministry promoting men as leaders in a god-to-man chain of command. By the 1980s,
Tim and Beverly LaHaye joined with Jerry Falwell and they created the foundations
for the Religious Right. The Moral Majority was born at the end of the 70s in
time to support the highly popular Hollywood Cowboy, Ronald Reagan and the Christian
conference warrior favourite, Oliver North.
And
that’s not all. Some golden oldies from the 80s were: Phyllis Schlafly, R. J.
Rushdoony, Howard Phillips, Gary North, Pat Robertson (God told him to run for
president), D. James Kennedy, Tony Perkins, Bill Bright, Ken Starr, Michael
Farris, Jesse Helms, John Ashcroft, Trent Lott, Richard DeVos, Elsa Prince,
Erik Prince, Wayne LaPierre, Richard Viguerie, Grover Norquist, Gary Bauer,
Paul Weyrich.
This
is the era of the televangelists and their sex scandals: Jim Bakker, Jimmy
Swaggart, Marvin Gorman. These evangelicals happen to be Pentecostals--a group I have studied a lot. I guess their moral failures required a mention.
Perhaps Du Mez wants us to see a preview of evangelicals gone wild, which will
come later.
You
might recall that the Clintons weren’t the kind of Christians loved by the
evangelical juggernaut. But Bill does provide justification for the Religious Right
to call attention to the need for men of character when choosing a president.
You can tell Du Mez is setting us up for a “go-figure” moment with The Donald.
In
the 1990s,
the Christian culture war gets some powerful support from the likes of Bill
O’Reilly, Rush Limbaugh, and the cast at Fox News. Bill McCartney kicks off Promise
Keepers and a revival of Christian manhood. On the clergy front, John Piper and
Wayne Grudem explain “complementarianism”—that’s God’s design for the two sexes who
are equal before God but different when in comes to their gender roles. (In case you didn't know, evangelicals generally believe God created only two sexes and each matches their gender.)
Another
component of the evangelical good news is that God has given his people sex to
enjoy. So, sex evangelists Josh McDowell and Josh Harris become popular. Sex
also gets a boost from the likes of Mark Driscoll on Mars. Stay tuned, the
purity ball will get tarnished by the end of the book.
Through
the decades, high profile white evangelical men have one target or another to
galvanize the troops’ hunger for an enemy worthy of righteous anger and godly
hate. You know the phrase, “hate the sin” to which some add, “and love the
sinner.” Two persistent top ranked sins are abortion and same-sex
relationships. These two sins have stood the test of time when it comes to defining features of who is an American evangelical.
Somewhere
along the line, anti-abortion becomes pro-life. And, in one form or another, the
evangelicals in this litany will remind America about homosexuality—it’s
a word with considerable purchase unlike the preferred letters LGBTQ+. Du Mez repeats
the abortion and homosexual issues, perhaps because they occur so frequently in
the ongoing culture war, which has not yet ended. By my Kindle count of her book, abortion = 51 and homosexual = 32 occurrences.
After
911, Islam
replaced communism as the major threat to Christian America. Socialism is in
there somewhere too but Du Mez doesn’t make much of the socialism taunt.
The
evangelicals are rocked by the election of president Barack Obama—no surprise
there.
All
this history leads up to the red-capped Donald Trump 2016 election triumph for
white evangelical Christians. Du Mez traces his rise in the primaries and the
powerful defences evangelical leaders deliver to cover outlandish comments and
hypermasculine sex-infused juicy stories in the media. We are reminded that 81%
of white evangelical voters carried Trump into the White House. What about his immorality…his
foul mouth, divorces, and Stormy’s sex? Du Mez recaps the evangelical defence.
I refer to John Wayne:
“Never
apologize and never explain – it’s a sign of weakness.”
In
the final chapter, Du Mez leaves the presidency to focus on the demise of
hypermasculine clergy. One after another, men fall from positions of authority. They
are tagged for their aggressive leadership or their sexual abuse. Du Mez strips
so many men of their moral robes that it seems like a sexual pandemic. They
stand before us naked as their violations of women, girls, and boys appear in
the media.
Du
Mez concludes her cultural critique:
…understanding the catalyzing role militant
Christian masculinity has played over the past half century is critical to
understanding American evangelicalism today, and the nation’s fractured
political landscape. Appreciating how this ideology developed over time is also
essential for those who wish to dismantle it. What was once done might also be
undone.
**********
Some Thoughts
Du
Mez writes in an easy-to-read style as she weaves together quotes, survey data,
and historical events to show the close connection between white evangelical male leaders
and Republican politics, which culminated in their greatest moment in recent
history with a friend in the White House who served four years as a John Wayne-like cultural
warrior for their agenda. Like knights at the proverbial round table,
evangelicals finally had a king they could follow. They won a major battle and they remain in charge of vast cultural, religious, and geographic territory.
I
recommend Jesus and John Wayneto anyone who wants to understand the powerful
connection between militant white American evangelicals and their champion, former Bible-carrying President, Donald Trump. However,
I have a few thoughts about the psychosocial implications of her work.
1. Du
Mez is a historian, and I am not. I won’t pretend to critique her work as
history. However, I am aware that the biblical authors praised the ancient
warriors who, credited God’s leadership as they killed the inhabitants of Canaan
and reached their promised land. And thanks to the evangelical’s American president, Israel’s
capital at Jerusalem was finally recognised with an embassy move. The history of the warrior God is
thousands of years old. And anyone familiar with Christianity knows evangelicals believe Jesus will
come again to ride a crimson tide of sinner’s blood in the final battle of
humankind.
So,
I think what’s missing from Du Mez castigation is an appreciation of the way
fundamentalists read the same sacred text known to Du Mez. John Wayne is a crusader
by another name. True, the gun is mightier than the sword. But in the hands of fundamentalists,
the sacred text is a powerful two-edged sword dividing truth from error, right
from wrong, good from evil. The sword cuts in two-ways.
I
doubt we would have a Jesus and John Wayne moment if Christianity did not have
a warrior God who, according to classic theology, never changes.
And I doubt we would have a large militant evangelical force if American clergy
learned to read the sacred text in a less fundamentalist manner.
Psychologically,
fundamentalism is quite appealing. A clear-cut narrative separates good from
evil, fits ancient traditions, and reduces the need for that slow cognitive effort (see Kahneman) needed
to find nuances in old texts and contemporary issues. (More on the psychology of fundamentalism.) In my view, to undo the connection, Christian leaders will need to deal with the warrior God and consistently communicate more viable interpretations of the sacred text.
2. I
don’t see a lot of women in the battle. Du Mez does not ignore women’s voices. And of
course, she is a woman with a strong voice. Perhaps it’s not her fault. I mean,
the point is that evangelical women were good women if they submitted to a man’s
authority. However, there are evangelical women, many of whom are in the
Pentecostal and Charismatic tribes, who believe in equality (see pcpj position). If Du Mez revises her
work, I’d suggest she consider giving more time to evangelical women who don't affirm the submissive rhetoric.
3. My study of moral philosophy and psychology suggests the importance of emotion as vital to understanding the powerful forces at work beyond the beliefs documented in Jesus and John Wayne.Du Mez has aptly exposed the considerable downside of slavish support for the
moral virtues of authority, loyalty, and that which is sacred and pure without
a consideration of the importance of such virtues to a well-ordered society.
Her focus on the harm done to women and society as well as the damage caused by
inequality is noteworthy and should not be missed.
I suggest a broader moral
sense (see The Righteous Mind) and a recognition of the depth of emotion
giving rise to the powerful motivations she documents would provide a stronger basis for
considering how we might undo the damage of an extremely divided society. Fundamentalist morality is broadly based on foundations or authority, loyalty, and purity, which Du Mez does not fully consider as she focuses on the morality of equality and harm.
4.
The conclusion leaves us wanting a solution. Consider this quote from the conclusion:
Appreciating how this ideology developed over time
is also essential for those who wish to dismantle it. What was once done might
also be undone.
I
agree that a cognitive appreciation of what happened is important to undoing
the harmful effects of vicious rhetoric, misguided “all in” obedience to
self-styled authorities who rob us of freedom even as they claim the banner of
freedom, and a shameful call to uphold that which is sacred and pure while
supporting immoral conduct with excuses and misplaced loyalty; however,
understanding does not lead to change as any psychotherapist knows. Galvanizing
action to change evangelical minds requires a strategy that recognizes the powerful role of human
emotions coupled with widely promoted militant interpretations of the Bible that give rise to unrighteous minds and the concomitant violent behaviour
that threatens the foundations of democracies.
For
now, it seems evangelical culture has been bifurcated. Fundamentalists have captured
more and more cultural territory including evangelical colleges and
universities. Many elites have escaped to find a home in progressive
Christianity leaving behind an unarmed remnant to anxiously survive in no man’s
land.
About
Du Mez
Kristin Kobes Du Mez is a professor of history at Calvin
University and the author of A New Gospel for Women. She has written for the Washington Post, Christianity
Today, Christian Century, and Religion & Politics, among other publications. She lives in Grand Rapids,
Michigan.
I am still surprised by the memory of a professor at a
highly conservative college who included Russell’s book, Why I am not a
Christian as assigned reading in a Philosophy of Christianity class. I
don’t recall what the professor said about the collection of essays so many
years ago. However, it is a classic work and deserves at least a look by those
like me interested in the psychology of religion and related fields like
philosophy.
The lead essay answers the author’s question in the title.
It was presented as a lecture at the Battersea Town Hall (London, England) in
1927. His logical thinking is evident early on as he attempts to define the
concept, Christian. He considers a few options and concludes first, that
a Christian must believe in God and immortality, and second, a Christian must at
least think of Christ as the “best and wisest of men.” The essay proceeds to explain
why he does not believe these two attributes are true.
In the section about the existence of God, Russell reviews
the traditional arguments are not very convincing. The arguments and problems
are well known to philosophy and theology students, so I won’t repeat them
here. I am referring to arguments known as “First Cause,” “Natural Law,” “Argument
from Design,” and the moral arguments.
His comments on Christ are different. He takes the words of
Christ reported in the gospels quite literally. He notes some of the positive
teachings of Jesus and notes the lack of following these teachings by
Christians. In a different approach, Russell challenges some statements such as
the immanent return of Christ which has not happened. A challenging section is his
opinion that Christianity is a religion built on fear.
The rest of the book is a collection of essays on various
topics related to Christianity or religion in general. These include his views
on life after death, sexual ethics, and freedom.
**********
Nearly 100 years later, the arguments put forth by
intelligent writers like Russell are familiar. Perhaps what made Russell’s work
seem relevant to my philosophy professor was the fact that Russell focused on
Christianity in a way that raises issues that an intelligent believer ought to
either have satisfactory answers or give up their faith. However, in the years
since I took that course, intelligent Christians have taken a different path to
dealing with the problems of belief.
On the one hand, fundamentalists continue to uphold
traditional beliefs to the point of denying scientific evidence or identifying
one conundrum or another as a “mystery” that will be resolved someday—presumably
in a literal heaven. Thus, the attacks of atheists seem to make sense only when
challenging literal interpretations of old beliefs that seem implausible or
lack adequate defenses (I am using adequate in these sense of logical arguments
based on some sort of premises that all arguers can agree upon).
On the other hand, other Christians have de-emphasized
belief statements, qua truth statements, in favor of experience and offered many
metaphorical interpretations of religious claims that appear fantastic from the
perspective of a contemporary understanding of human nature and the natural
world. In this view, Christ’s calls to address injustice and pursue peace,
kindness, and a moral life justify following Christ.
I chose the path of psychology rather than philosophy. This leads me to wonder if my old professor was dealing with doubts about his ultra conservative tradition, which would not permit him to express any personal doubts in front of students. Critical thinking in that context meant thinking critically about people outside the faith rather than about all subject matter.
Borg begins his re-introduction of Jesus by telling us he is writing from the perspective
of two worlds—the world of a religious scholar and a Christian.
Chapter 1
Images of Jesus are important. As children, Christians learn about Jesus
as divine savior and teacher, but there’s more. He then tells us of his
spiritual struggle as a teenager.
In my early teens, I began to have
doubts about the existence of God. It was an experience filled with anxiety,
guilt, and fear. I still believed enough to be afraid of going to hell because
of my doubts. I felt that they were wrong, and in my prayers I would ask for
forgiveness. But I couldn’t stop doubting, and so my requests for forgiveness
seemed to me not to be genuine. (p.32)
As many have before, Marcus prayed for help.
“Every night for several years, I
prayed with considerable anguish, “Lord, I believe. Help thou my unbelief.” (p.
33)
Following years of study, Borg came to see differences
in the gospel texts. The early gospels (Mark, Matthew, Luke) offer glimpses into the life of Jesus the
person, but the Gospel of John presents the Christ of Faith. Borg sets up a
division between two images of Jesus as pre-Easter and post-Easter. Borg closes
with his new understanding of the Christian life as one of relationship with
God rather than an emphasis on beliefs.
Chapter 2
In chapter 2, Borg introduces us to scholarly work on the pre-Easter
Jesus. Scholars look at the various stories of Jesus’ life with a view to
separating the sayings and works of Jesus from the views of the Christian
community that developed following Jesus life on earth. Scholars also include information from the Gospel of Thomas. Like
other writers (e.g., Spong), Borg reminds us that Jesus was Jewish. He sets
aside some of the folklore to emphasize Jesus as a “spirit-person,” wisdom
teacher, social prophet, and founder of Christianity as a movement of Jewish
renewal.
Chapter 3
Two concepts are central to Jesus–his spirit and his
compassion. Borg sees Jesus’ compassion as a key to understanding what it means
to live a life centered on God. This compassionate view is not just about
individuals but about community. Later, Borg contrasts Jesus' compassionate foundation
of morality to a morality based on purity or holiness. Examples show how Jesus
attacked the “purity system” of his day. This purity system was a political system that structured society into people, places, things, times, and groups that were either clean or unclean.
Chapter 4
Wisdom is about how to live life. In Borg’s view, Jesus is
teaching a way of wisdom that is about a relationship with God and not about
living well in our contemporary culture that emphasizes the “3 As” of
achievement, affluence, and appearance.
Chapter 5
Borg continues the exploration of Jesus as the wisdom of
God. He notes John’s metaphors of Jesus as the Word of God and the Son of God. In
short, these are more images to consider when understanding the Jesus of faith.
Chapter 6
In this final chapter, Borg presents Jesus in the context of
three “macro-stories” within the Bible as a whole. Two of these are from the
Hebrew Bible—The Exodus and the Babylonian exile and return. The third is the
Jewish way of worship involving the temple, priesthood, and sacrifice. Borg
brings these stories together in themes of liberation and life as a journey of
compassion as one lives in relationship with the Spirit of Jesus.
The Truth of Easter.
Borg presents the importance of the Easter stories by looking at the metaphors of
grace.
**********
I recommend reading Meeting Jesus Again for the First Time
to those who find the childhood stories about Jesus lacking in credibility
and value for life. Too often we have seen “bumper sticker theology” and trite
posts or uncontextualized bits of Scripture posted on personal social media pages and platforms.
I am also aware of many friends who have walked away from Christianity because
no one engaged their minds to see the powerful story of compassion and depth of
spirituality present in the metaphors spoken by and about Jesus.
This is not a book for those who are happy with a
fundamentalist view of Jesus and the Christian life. It is not a book that encourages
seeking God for earthly or heavenly rewards. As with his other works, Borg takes
the Bible seriously but not literally. Meeting Jesus Again offers a
spiritual path to inner peace, rest for the soul, and compassion for others. At
a deep level, Borg understands our psychological need for relationship and
entices readers to find a spiritual relationship with God as revealed in the
Jesus’ way.
Marcus Borg on Why Jesus Matters YouTube
Cite this book review
Sutton, G. W. (2020, September 1). Meeting Jesus again by Marcus Borg. Sutton Reviews. Retrieved from https://suttonreviews.suttong.com/2020/09/meeting-jesus-again-by-borg.html
Marcus J. Borg (1942-2015) was an American theologian from Fergus Falls, Minnesota whose research focused on the historical Jesus. He was educated at the University of Oxford, Concordia College, Union Theological Seminary, and Mansfield College. He was associated with the Anglican communion and was a professor at Oregon State University until his retirement in 2007.
Author Bio
Geoffrey W. Sutton is a psychologist and Emeritus Professor of Psychology whose research focused on various topics in the psychology of religion. He earned his PhD in psychology from the University of Missouri. See below to find books and other publications.
“On July 4, 2016, as my social media feeds filled
with images of American flags and friends’ backyard barbecues celebrating
America’s independence, I took to Twitter and posted a picture [sic] seven African
Americans picking cotton in a field with the following caption: “My family on
July 4th 1776.” (From the forward by Lecrae, p. 9)
Few would disagree that American slavery was immoral.
As I examine The Color of Compromise
in July 2020, I am keenly aware that my lessons in American history were
whitewashed. And worse, I was never exposed to the degree to which the American
Christian church failed to address slavery and its legacy of racism.
Tisby tells the story of American anti-black racism
in 11 chapters arranged in chronological order. However, The Color of Compromise is not just the
story of racism; it is the story of what Christian leaders said and did that supported slavery and the post-slavery stereotypes, prejudices, and
acts of discrimination that persist in overt and covert ways to this day. As
Tisby says, racism is adaptive.
It is surely axiomatic by now that humans prefer
to hang out with people like themselves. As an immigrant family, we interacted
with other immigrant families as if we had a common bond. Strangely, I recently realized
that a substantial proportion of the people in my book study group were born
outside the US. We humans tend to like, help, and prefer those within our
groups. But that natural tendency is far different from creating an economic
system based on enslaving people with black skins. As Tisby writes in chapter
2, in the early years of colonial America “the colonists had not yet cemented skin
color as an essential feature of life in their communities. Race was still
being made (p. 26).”
In chapter 3, we are reminded that liberty was white
and not black after British North Americans fought against their countrymen for
liberty and justice for all. Africans fought on both sides but, as we know, the
thirteen United States would not deal with the matter of slavery. By the time
of the Civil War, Americans had built structures and economies based on slave
labor for over 300 years1. Following the War for Independence, Christian
revival meetings led by Methodists and Baptists won converts to these enthusiastic
and less formal worship styles. Tisby adds the story of two famous slave-holding
clergy to illustrate the support for slavery in the 1700s—George Whitfield and
Jonathan Edwards.
We learn more about the ugliness of chattel
slavery in chapter 4. Thus, American slaves were not just men or women working to
gain their freedom like servants could. Tisby quotes African American minister James
W. C. Pennington:
“The
being of slavery, its soul and its body, lives and moves in the chattel
principle, the property principle, the bill of sale principle: the cart whip,
starvation, and nakedness are its inevitable consequences.” (p. 60)
The Civil War (chapter 5) not only spilled the
nation’s blood, but it split the Methodists and Baptists too. In this context,
we learn how the church found a biblical basis to defend slavery.
In chapter 6, Tisby traces the rise of white
supremacy and the increasing oppression of black people through intimidation
and restrictions on important dimensions of life like voting. As the new century dawned, so did the promise of
Pentecostalism (chapter 7). Unfortunately, the Pentecostals became segregated like the rest
of society. The two world wars do not get much time in Tisby’s story. I suggest
they should as President Truman ended segregation in the military in 1948.
Unfortunately, the church did too little during
the 1950s and 60s (chapter 8). This is the era of Emmett Till and Rosa Parks,
the rise of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and that North Carolina moderate, Rev.
Billy Graham. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a temporary high-water mark.
In chapter 9, Tisby reminds us of the rise of the Religious Right and the Moral Majority. For those who are not old enough, or who forgot,
Southern Baptist pastors supported abortion in some cases before the Row v.
Wade decision on abortion. Southern Baptist leader, W. A. Criswell’s view was:
“I
have always felt that it was only after a child was born and had life separate
from its mother . . . that it became an individual person.” He further
explained, “It has always, therefore, seemed to me that what is best for the
mother and for the future should be allowed.” (p. 181)
However, that view of abortion was about to change.
Desegregation moved forward. Segregationist Bob Jones University (BJU) admitted black
students, but mixed dating was prohibited. That race-based dating policy led to
a loss of tax-exempt status in 1976. The Moral Majority rose to power on a
platform of restoring Bible reading and Christian prayer to public schools and
the wedge issue of abortion. The movement strengthened as Falwell and his organization
blessed Ronald Reagan. Reagan spoke at BJU in 1980 and soon thereafter, their
tax-exempt status was restored. The marriage of evangelical Christianity to the Republican party and an antiabortion rallying cry remains strong.
Chapter 10 takes us through the end of the 1900s and into the 2000s. Promise Keepers promotes racial reconciliation and offers some
hope. Some Christian churches begin to diversify and in fact want to learn how
to improve diversity. But the religious-political rift is exposed as black people are killed
(Trayvon Martin, 2012). “Black Lives Matter” becomes a rallying cry only to be
slammed by Christians who recoil at organizational links to LGBTQ rights. Tisby explains there’s a difference between an organization and a movement, but I doubt this will undo the emotionally tagged mental connection between Black Lives Matter and traditional enemies of conservative Christian America. The chapter closes with a picture of a divided church and the 2016 presidential
election. Tisby reports the statistics-- 84% of Blacks voted for Clinton and especially noteworthy, 94% of black women.
In contrast, 81% of white evangelicals voted for the Republican ticket.
In chapter 11, Tisby evaluates American progress.
Although the external "whites only" signs are down, Blacks and Whites are
segregated in society, politics, and the church. He reminds us of differentials
in unemployment and incarceration. On page 195, Tisby responds to
questions of “What can I do?” We can increase our awareness through books and
videos and connect with Blacks and other minorities. And we can use our other
gifts or talents like writing and speaking to address issues of racial and
social justice. There’s more here, which makes the chapter a useful guide to
readers who have now developed their awareness of racism in US society.
Tisby concludes with a short essay on the importance
of being strong and courageous.
**********
I recommend The
Color of Compromise to all Americans and those who want to understand
racism in America.
The years of chattel slavery and the subsequent century of oppression
are unique among the world’s wealthy modern nations. The legacy of slavery has
resulted in decades of white control of the federal and many state governments,
wealthy multinational companies, political parties, and large church bodies. Tisby’s
book will further enlighten sensitive white Christians and has the potential to
energize some to act according to their gifts and resources. I do not think The
Color of Compromise will reach those who do not identify with the blatant
racism of the past or who are focused on the fetus and concomitant perceptions that
they are fighting a spiritual battle against socialists and Marxists intent on
destroying Christian America. I hope I am wrong.
1. Although Tisby gives the short story of slavery,
the first slaves entered Florida in 1539 where they built St Augustine, America’s
oldest city.
Worth Quoting from Tisby
“The failure of many Christians in the South and across the nation to decisively oppose the racism in their families, communities, and even in their own churches provided fertile soil for the seeds of hatred to grow. The refusal to act in the midst of injustice is itself an act of injustice. Indifference to oppression perpetuates oppression.”
“History demonstrates that racism never goes away; it just adapts.”
“Being complicit only requires a muted response in the face of injustice or uncritical support of the status quo.”
“there would be no black church without racism in the white church.”
“Another definition explains racism as prejudice plus power. It is not only personal bigotry toward someone of a different race that constitutes racism; rather, racism includes the imposition of bigoted ideas on groups of people.”
“Through the centuries, black people have become the most religious demographic in the United States. For instance, 83 percent of black people say they “believe in God with absolute certainty” compared to 59 percent of Hispanics and 61 percent of whites. Additionally, 75 percent of blacks say “religion is very important” to them compared to 59 percent of Hispanics and 49 percent of whites.”
“History and Scripture teaches us that there can be no reconciliation without repentance. There can be no repentance without confession. And there can be no confession without truth.”
About the author
Jemar Tisby is the author of the New York Times bestseller, The Color of Compromise, president and co-founder of The Witness: A Black Christian Collective, and co-host of the podcast, Pass The Mic. jemartisby.com
About the reviewer
Geoffrey W. Sutton is an author and research psychologist with over 100 publications. His website is www.suttong.com
Cite this review (APA)
Sutton, G. W. (2020, July 3). The color of compromise: Racism in church. SuttonReviews. https://suttonreviews.suttong.com/2020/07/the-color-of-compromise.html
