A Review of Marcus Borg’s
Taking the Bible Seriously but Not literally.
By
Geoffrey W. Sutton
My earliest memory of a conflict
between the Bible and the observable world happened sometime in late childhood
when I learned that the moon was not a light as it plainly said in my King
James Version of Genesis 1:16. It was downhill from there. Like many of my
friends, we learned a near literal interpretation of the Bible from parents
with a limited education and churches where teachers shared a blend of
fundamentalism and evangelicalism. Their application of select biblical laws,
commandments, and rules to contemporary life seemed strangely arbitrary and
unnecessarily restrictive. I should like to think Marcus Borg’s, Reading the
Bible Again for the First Time, would have saved me considerable puzzlement—and
likely some distress. I’ll say more later but first, a summary of Reading
the Bible Again for the First Time.
*****
Borg establishes the conflict in the
preface. Christians are faced with two very different ways of reading the
sacred text, that is, The Holy Bible. Many of us learned the “literal-factual”
way. Borg offers us a “historical-metaphorical” way. The two different ways of
reading the text divide Christians not just in churches but in the public arena
of American politics.
Borg divides his highly readable
volume into three parts. In Part One, he provides a foundation for reading the
Bible in this new way. We learn a little history of the Bible, which of course
was not read by ordinary folks until people learned to read and the text became
widely available. A near literalism combined with church doctrines was taught
for centuries with a focus on salvation from sin and living a moral life so, in
the end, you had heaven to gain. Now Borg introduces readers to the alternative
view that our sacred text reveals a variety of ways people understood God and
their relationship to God., Borg closes Part One by explaining what he means by
the “historical-metaphorical” way of reading the Bible. Readers need to understand
the historical context to appreciate how ancient Hebrews expressed their faith,
but we would be left with a rather dead text if we ignored the beauty of the metaphors
in play from Genesis to Revelation. In Borg’s words: “Metaphor is linguistic
art or verbal art” (Location 569).
In Part Two we learn how the Hebrew
Bible (Old Testament for Christians) comes alive when we don’t have to worry
about the days or sequences of creation, which of 613 laws ought to be kept, or
how to make sense of the horrible ways ancient people destroyed each other in
the name of God. Here, I cannot do justice to Borg’s text in a typical review
because he gives numerous examples of how contemporary readers can learn that
the problems of yesteryear continue to trouble us today. Then, as now, ordinary
people suffered from economic exploitation by taxes and the possession of land,
political oppression by kings and emperors, and religious legitimization—a nation’s
leaders dictate what God ordains. Along the way, we gain insights into how to
read poetry and the wisdom literature such as is found in the proverbs. We also
learn how prophets challenged kings. And we glimpse how people celebrated their
relationship with God.
If you are familiar with the Bible,
you won’t be surprised to learn that Part Three is about the New Testament. In
three chapters, Borg summarizes how the Gospels, letters of Paul, and The
Revelation can also be read in their historical context along with an
appreciation of the rich metaphors that can transcend 20 centuries. He reminds
us that Jesus, his followers, and all, or almost all, the writers were Jewish
men thus, we learn of the importance of understanding the problem of first
century Jews under the sandal of the Roman Empire and the necessity of
appreciating the influence of Jewish traditions on the stories of Jesus and the
metaphors of the writers. Borg is not rigid as he interprets the text. I
suppose some might believe if they had enough faith, they could walk on water,
but the story as metaphor suggests more than one meaning. We might learn that
people with spiritual sight learn to calm their inner fears or cope with the
struggles of life. I should say, these interpretations are my own thoughts as a
psychologist reading Borg’s discussion of God vs. the traditional theme of angry
seas, which in the gospel story were calmed by Jesus.
Paul is a problematic author for
many a modern Christian—especially American women who don’t find much support
in doctrines of submission, silence, and guidance on what to wear (or not wear).
As others have said, we can take the edge off Paul a bit if we realize some of
the texts limiting women’s roles were likely not written by Paul. And, Paul
wrote most of his letters as a reply to specific questions that arose in the
various Christian communities he founded or supported during his travels. We
gain a bit more insight into Paul’s theology when we unpack his recurring
themes of freedom and transformation developed from his Damascus Road
experience. The way of becoming a new person, like the way lived out by Jesus,
is a path of dying to an old way and rising to embrace a new way. In his day
and now, people like Paul may be transformed following an encounter with Jesus.
Fittingly, the Revelation is at the
end of the Bible, at the end of Borg’s book, and for many, a mysterious End
Times story. Long ago I learned that wall charts describing the end of life
as we know it lacked credibility. I suppose those complex flow charts are in
someone’s attic gathering dust. But I digress. Borg offers nonscholars a brief
history of the difficulty of life under the Roman Empire of the first century—a
time when those under Roman domination were to worship Caesar as god. Borg
provides an orderly and masterful summary of Revelation along with guidance to
help readers appreciate how the vivid images relate to Hebrew history and life
under Roman rule. Borg’s interpretation is in sharp contrast to futuristic
interpretations that continue to scare some contemporary Christian youth while
comforting the elderly with the confidence that they are on the winning side in
the massive end-of-world bloody war over evil.
In the Epilogue, Borg reiterates his
point about the Bible containing different voices and encourages us to see the
ancient conflicts between kings and prophets—between elite leaders who use
their positions to oppress and exploit ordinary people and the voices of those
who speak against injustice. He also encourages readers to think of
Christianity as being about more than a list of beliefs and practices.
Christianity is about relationships—relating to God and others with passion and
compassion.
*****
I suppose Reading the Bible
Again is for any Christian who finds that the clergy and teachers in
their faith tradition seem disconnected from their life experience in the way
they preach, teach, or blog about living in our complex world. For different
reasons, many of us discovered that near literal interpretations of the Bible
don’t make sense. Each generation of Christian youth since the 1960s has
different reasons for challenging simplistic applications or applications that
seem cruel and contradictory if we are to believe God is a loving and caring being.
In the 1960s, those raised in American
holiness traditions discovered the arbitrariness of rules against dancing,
mixed swimming, long hair on men, tattoos, make-up, movies, jewelry, women
wearing pants instead of dresses, and many other quotable prohibitions from
some part of God’s Word. Not surprisingly, some left Christianity behind.
Others moved on to churches that were more concerned with doing good than trying
to live according to rules made for ancient Israelite tribes or for the Jews
and gentiles in early Christian communities.
A metaphor is a figure of speech in which the writer uses a word or phrase to state that a primary object of focus (e.g., person, idea, event, or activity) is something different in order to reveal an important characteristic or feature of the primary object.
Biblical examples: Jesus is a lamb, vine, bread. Peter is a rock.
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Somewhere along the way to the 21st
century, educated youth learned to appreciate the scientific explanations for
the origin of amazing landscapes and the diversity of life on the planet. We
learned so much about birth and death and we benefit from advances in medicine.
Slowly, scientists offered more and more explanations relevant to daily life.
And many of those scientists happened to be women. Perhaps making matters worse
for those insisting on near literal interpretations of the Bible were advances
in the behavioural sciences, which upended thinking about mental health,
sexuality, and people who experienced hallucinations and delusions. Christians
turned away from clergy to find answers to life problems in the offices of
physicians, psychologists, and a host of other professionals who offered
evidence-based treatments for infertility, contagious diseases, anxiety,
depression, schizophrenia, and more.
Moreover, in recent decades, a
cacophony of evangelical voices seem at odds with one another over biblical
perspectives on the role of women in the church and society, birth control, sex
education, the nature of marriage, parenting, abortion, same-sex relationships,
and the allocation of church and social resources to help the poor of one’s own
nation as well as the world. Of recent concern has been the strident rhetoric used
by politically active American Christians to condemn those who do not share
their political views.
I think there may be another value
of this book to all those who work with Christians who find themselves
distressed because of some application of the Bible to their life. They may
feel guilty, angry with God, or conflicted over biblical teaching regarding some
past or planned act. On the one hand, such people may find helpful guidance
from their local clergy. On the other hand, they may consult a mental health
professional hoping to find a different opinion. Caution is in order here
because a person’s faith can be a significant part of personal identity.
However, clinicians of any faith or no faith will likely find Borg’s work
instructive for understanding Christians.
Reading the Bible Again
is for all those who wish there was another way to embrace the sacred text of
their childhood without compromising the facts about the natural world, their
intelligence, and respect for all people regardless of their natal sex. Borg
doesn’t have all the answers, but he does offer an alternative way of respecting
the Bible again and, more importantly, reconnecting with the God who has inspired
people for thousands of years to champion the causes of the downtrodden, sick,
poor, and social outcasts.
*****
Borg stated there are only two ways
to read the texts. And I think he’s right. The near literalist view continues
to dominate conservative evangelical churches and the postings of their
adherents on social media sites. Those educated evangelicals who try to mix
some literalism with some metaphors end up with an unsatisfactory concoction,
which can only lead to intelligent young people throwing up their metaphorical hands
and walking away.
The time has come to follow Jesus’
lead. Like his rule about the Sabbath Day, old rules were meant for an ancient
society, the Sabbath was made for man. If you try to put new wine into old wine
skins, they will burst. Being free in Christ means finding out what it means to
love God by loving others in one’s sphere of life. Christians live out Paul’s
theme of dying to oneself and rising again when engaged in life-enhancing
pursuits for the wellbeing of those around us.
As Borg’s subtitle reads, Christians
can “take the Bible seriously but not literally.”
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Book Reference
Borg, M.J. (2001). Reading the bible again for the first time: taking the bible seriously but not literally (ePub ed.).
New York: HarperCollins.
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Cite this Review (APA style)
Sutton, G. W. (2019). Reading the Bible Again-Metaphors to live by. Sutton Reviews. Retrieved from https://suttonreviews.suttong.com/2019/07/metaphors-to-live-by-reading-bible-again.html
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Marcus J Borg Bio
Marcus J. Borg (1942-2015) was an American theologian from Fergus Falls, Minnesota whose research focused on the historical Jesus. He was educated at the University of Oxford, Concordia College, Union Theological Seminary, and Mansfield College. He was associated with the Anglican communion and was a professor at Oregon State University until his retirement in 2007.
Author Bio
Geoffrey W. Sutton is a psychologist and Emeritus Professor of Psychology whose research focused on various topics in the psychology of religion. He earned his PhD in psychology from the University of Missouri. See below to find books and other publications.
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