Caught in the Pulpit:
Leaving Belief Behind
by
Daniel C. Dennett &
Linda LaScola
Reviewed by
Geoffrey W. Sutton
I recently spoke with a seminary student who mentioned his interest in deconversion. Having studied Psychology of Religion for decades, I'm familiar with the topic both as a clinician and scientist. The conversation reminded me of a book I reviewed a few years ago. It turns out the review was accepted for publication but I cannot find evidence that it appeared in print so here's the review with the removal of some text that would have been for the academic publication.
********
Have you ever listened to someone disclose their deep spiritual doubts? In Caught in the Pulpit: Leaving Faith Behind, Daniel Dennett and Linda LaScola systematically disclose and analyze the deconversion experiences of 35 clergy and seminary interviewees who participated in their qualitative study. Encouraged by a pilot study in 2010, the authors pursued a broader sample. This book summarizes the results from 90 interviews between November 2008 and June 2012. Daniel Dennett is a professor of philosophy at Tufts University and Linda LaScola is a clinical social worker.
The authors organized the book into seven sections. In the four introductory chapters we learn that the 35 persons are all "Caucasian" clergy. There are Jewish Rabbis but most are either Catholic or Christian clergy from literal or liberal denominations. From the authors’ perspectives, literal groups view Scripture as inerrant whereas liberal groups are inclined to consider Scripture through the lens of metaphor, symbolism, and poetry. Prototypical literals are Pentecostals, Mormons, and Seventh Day Adventists and prototypical liberals are Unitarians and Episcopalians. The authors acknowledge that there is a range of literal to liberal views held by different people within any faith tradition. The 90 interviews resulted in 120 hours of recordings. Their study is not based on a representative random sample because they were dependent on volunteers who were willing to risk disclosure. Nearly half of the participants still ministered to congregants. The authors make a point of keeping strict confidentiality.
In section two, Linda LaScola presents a selection of five biographical sketches—a Presbyterian, two Lutherans, a Catholic Priest, and a Mormon Bishop. Of particular relevance to current social trends and psychological exams is the comment by the priest: “During my psychological evaluations, I was asked by the examining psychologist if I was gay or straight, and I said, “Straight.” I lied (p. 48).” The priest estimated that about 50 to 75 percent of other students in the seminary were also gay.
In section three, Daniel Dennett offers his perspective on the evolution of religion and the challenges faced by seminary professors and religious leaders in a world with increasing knowledge about science and an increased sensitivity to ancient tales of genocide (e.g., Noah; See a Related post: Why did God order the killing of so many people?), which obviously pose challenges for those tasked with teaching or leading members of literal faith traditions.
Both authors present findings that track the path from seminary to pulpit ministry in section four. Seminary professors express their difficulties in teaching students from literal faith traditions. Student' comments reflected four themes:
Both authors present findings that track the path from seminary to pulpit ministry in section four. Seminary professors express their difficulties in teaching students from literal faith traditions. Student' comments reflected four themes:
(1) fascination and enthusiasm linked to new views of biblical knowledge;
(2) deeply troubled—a response to the complexities of faith traditions;
(3) seeds of doubt;
(4) a focus on coursework without much evaluation.
After entering the pulpit many found their congregants were more interested in simple and pleasant stories of faith rather than more scholarly analyses. And others reported a disturbing awareness of dishonesty and corruption among church leaders. A chapter that might be of special interest to clinicians is the review of burnout and depression. There are several references to mental distress that I wished the authors had examined in more detail. Some appeared distressed by their experiences in ministry while others were struggling with spiritual matters and a loss of meaning. A former Greek Orthodox monk described a long history of depression. He described the experience as an existential crisis and reported that his therapist diagnosed his condition as post-traumatic stress disorder.
Linda LaScola discusses emerging themes in section five. She focuses on the problems faced by liberal clergy in dealing with matters of metaphor, myth, and truth. Several comments point to the broad acceptance of science and an appreciation of the language of Scripture regardless of perceived differences with scientific findings. Linda’s comments on the liberal’s dilemma seems apt: “Now they’re feeling boxed in: bounded on one side by fundamentalists and on the other by the New Atheists (p. 153)”
Part six contains an update on those who participated in the 2010 pilot study. All five were still active clergy. Two fundamentalists want to leave the ministry. A Presbyterian pastor was unable to find other employment. A Methodist declined a follow-up. A United Church of Christ chaplain revealed his views publicly but suffered no negative consequences. In the final section, Dennett discusses an inner shell, which isolates clergy from their congregants and even themselves. The oft quoted Clinton phrase, “Don’t ask, Don’t tell” describes the unwritten rule of not probing too deeply on matters of personal faith. Another maxim is a variation on the physician’s “do no harm” restyled as “do not undermine anybody’s faith.”
The book contains some interesting end material. There is a brief bio for each research participant, an overview of qualitative research methods, and personal stories of the authors.
Linda LaScola discusses emerging themes in section five. She focuses on the problems faced by liberal clergy in dealing with matters of metaphor, myth, and truth. Several comments point to the broad acceptance of science and an appreciation of the language of Scripture regardless of perceived differences with scientific findings. Linda’s comments on the liberal’s dilemma seems apt: “Now they’re feeling boxed in: bounded on one side by fundamentalists and on the other by the New Atheists (p. 153)”
Part six contains an update on those who participated in the 2010 pilot study. All five were still active clergy. Two fundamentalists want to leave the ministry. A Presbyterian pastor was unable to find other employment. A Methodist declined a follow-up. A United Church of Christ chaplain revealed his views publicly but suffered no negative consequences. In the final section, Dennett discusses an inner shell, which isolates clergy from their congregants and even themselves. The oft quoted Clinton phrase, “Don’t ask, Don’t tell” describes the unwritten rule of not probing too deeply on matters of personal faith. Another maxim is a variation on the physician’s “do no harm” restyled as “do not undermine anybody’s faith.”
The book contains some interesting end material. There is a brief bio for each research participant, an overview of qualitative research methods, and personal stories of the authors.
Overall, I think Caught in the Pulpit will be of interest to many readers because of the focus on the spiritual journeys of those deep in various faith traditions. If the authors are right about the small number of participants being the tip of the iceberg then there are likely many who would benefit from confidential consultations—especially those struggling with burnout and depression.
The challenge of getting a sizable representative sample of clergy and conducting quantitative research appears substantial when the risk of unemployment rests on maintaining strict confidentiality. Nevertheless, the basis exists to explore the links between spirituality and mental health as well as the traditional psychology of religion topics such as meaning, conversion, and deconversion.
The challenge of getting a sizable representative sample of clergy and conducting quantitative research appears substantial when the risk of unemployment rests on maintaining strict confidentiality. Nevertheless, the basis exists to explore the links between spirituality and mental health as well as the traditional psychology of religion topics such as meaning, conversion, and deconversion.
This qualitative study provides some insights worthy of further research. One can easily see that the difficulties faced by clergy might extend to leaders and high-level employees within religious organizations.
Cite this review
Sutton, G.W. (2016, October 18). Caught in the pulpit: Leaving belief behind. Retrieved from https://suttonreviews.suttong.com/2016/10/caught-in-pulpit-leaving-faith-behind.html
Book Reference
Dennett, D. C. & LaScola, L. (2013). Caught in the pulpit: Leaving belief behind. Amazon Kindle (First Edition).
Select Research Quotes
Belief
You can’t change your beliefs as an act of will, in the way you can decide to improve your skills with chainsaw or keyboard. If the evidence before your eyes doesn’t support a belief, you cannot will yourself to believe it anyway. This, incidentally, is one of the many arguments against Pascal’s Wager: no matter how you rate the odds of immortal salvation, you can’t decide to believe in God, as if it were a decision to bet on Red or Manchester United.
Dennett, Daniel C.; LaScola, Linda. Caught in The Pulpit: Leaving Belief Behind .
Spiritual Growth
I[Tony a former Catholic Priest] got out of seminary, then into the priesthood, and then back out in the pews, where it’s the popular theology, where everyone’s just like, “Whoa! It says here that God destroyed Sodom, so gays are bad.” And you’re like, “No, no, it’s all about hospitality, and the real sin was that they didn’t welcome the homeless person and the alien from another land into their house, which really has all these effects on what we say about social justice in our country, and we really shouldn’t be having open borders,” and all this kind of stuff. And then they’re like, “No, it’s because gays are going to hell.” And you’re like, “My God, how do you get people to grow?”
Dennett, Daniel C.; LaScola, Linda. Caught in The Pulpit: Leaving Belief Behind (p. 114).
Tradition
Carl rejects “this understanding of God as this supernatural being out there” but still finds value in upholding Christian stories and traditions. More and more, I think Christianity has to do with living a good life. I think the lessons of Jesus are profound and apply to life, without needing any sense of “other.” For instance, when I preach at a funeral of a lifelong faithful Lutheran, I think I need to be a good steward of the tradition. But I’ve pretty much rejected the idea of Heaven and Hell; it doesn’t make sense to me.
Dennett, Daniel C.; LaScola, Linda. Caught in The Pulpit: Leaving Belief Behind (p. 36).
Agnostic Clergy
Andy, the agnostic United Church of Christ pastor, sees Jesus as a necessary transitional figure that will lead to a more openly secular society. Focusing on Jesus— not even worshiping him, but just focusing on Jesus, I would say— is an accommodation that’s going to be necessary for the church to transition into something of value to our society. People aren’t going to automatically jump; they’re going to need a transition. And for my generation and probably several following, it’s going to have to dawn slowly on people. The best way to do that is to use the historical Jesus as a bridge. I’m comfortable with the idea now, as long as we don’t worship him as God— because we know he’s not God. One Trinity Sunday, I preached that the Trinity was just an idea invented by humans. They found Jesus to be particularly insightful, so they called him God. He was invented to be a god— he never was. We know that.
Dennett, Daniel C.; LaScola, Linda. Caught in The Pulpit: Leaving Belief Behind (pp. 155-156).
Christianity as Myth
"Charles, an Episcopalian hospital chaplain who began his ministry as a conservative Christian, describes what he believes this way: I have a priest friend who says, ‘There’s living in the myth, and there’s living outside the myth.” For me, when I’m in the myth, I totally believe the themes of the Resurrection and Ascension, and those mean a lot to me. And outside the myth, I don’t think they’re literally true. It’s just not possible, based on what I know about science. . . . And the point of this life— well, there is no point to this life, but you have to find some meaning, because we’re meaning-making creatures. So we do a lot of things to make this a meaningful existence. Hopefully, that existence lasts beyond us to some degree, but probably not. That’s really what I believe. And at the same time, the Christian mythology speaks to me at a cultural level— more [on that level] now than at a real belief kind of level.
Dennett, Daniel C.; LaScola, Linda. Caught in The Pulpit: Leaving Belief Behind (p. 150).
Psychology of Religion Concepts
Atheism,
Fundamentalism, Spiritual Struggles
You may also like to read--
Connections
Publications
(many free downloads)
Comments
Post a Comment